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34)71st Republic Day 2020 highlights| Beating retreat ceremony in Attari-Wagah border on Republic Day

India Republic Day -- India celebrates it is 71st Republic Day currently. On this day in 1950the Constitution of Indian came into force. The Republic Day paradewhich is considered as the main attraction of the days celebrationwas held along Rajpath. It was a 90-minute affair. Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro was the chief guest on the parade. Before the parade begunPrime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute at the Country wide War Memorial and President Ram Nath Kovind unfurled the national flag as well as General Manoj Mukund NaravaneChief of the Army EmployeesAdmiral Karambir SinghKey of the Naval StaffMarshal Rakesh Kumar Singh BhadauriaChief of the Air Employees. 5 41 PM IST PM Narendra Modi gets to Rashtrapati Bhawan for At home reception hosted by President Ram Nath Kovind. 5 12 pm IST Beating retreat ceremony from Attari-Wagah border on Republic Day. 4 36 pm IST Air India Directs 30000 National Flags To Passengers On Republic Day The national carrier Air India celebra
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Hypothermia

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Hypothermia is defined as a body core temperature below 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) in humans. Symptoms depend on the temperature. In mild hypothermia, there is shivering and mental confusion. In moderate hypothermia, shivering stops and confusion increases. In severe hypothermia, there may be paradoxical undressing, in which a person removes their clothing, as well as an increased risk of the heart stopping. Hypothermia has two main types of causes. It classically occurs from exposure to extreme cold. It may also occur from any condition that decreases heat production or increases heat loss. Commonly this includes alcohol intoxication but may also include low blood sugar, anorexia, and advanced age. Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F) through thermoregulation. Efforts to increase body temperature involve shivering, increased voluntary activity, and putting on warmer clothing. Hypothermia may be diagnosed based on either a person's sy
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Classification

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Hypothermia classification Swiss system Symptoms By degree Temperature Stage 1 Awake and shivering Mild 32–35 °C (89.6–95.0 °F) Stage 2 Drowsy and not shivering Moderate 28–32 °C (82.4–89.6 °F) Stage 3 Unconscious, not shivering Severe 20–28 °C (68.0–82.4 °F) Stage 4 No vital signs Profound <20 °C (68.0 °F) Hypothermia is often defined as any body temperature below 35.0 °C (95.0 °F). With this method it is divided into degrees of severity based on the core temperature. Another classification system, the Swiss staging system, divides hypothermia based on the presenting symptoms which is preferred when it is not possible to determine an accurate core temperature. Other cold-related injuries that can be present either alone or in combination with hypothermia include: Chilblains: condition caused by repeated exposure of skin to temperatures just above freezing. The cold causes damage to small blood vessels in the skin. This damage is permanent and the redness
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Signs and symptoms

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Signs and symptoms vary depending on the degree of hypothermia, and may be divided by the three stages of severity. Infants with hypothermia may feel cold when touched, with bright red skin and an unusual lack of energy. Mild Symptoms of mild hypothermia may be vague, with sympathetic nervous system excitation (shivering, high blood pressure, fast heart rate, fast respiratory rate, and contraction of blood vessels). These are all physiological responses to preserve heat. Increased urine production due to cold, mental confusion, and liver dysfunction may also be present. Hyperglycemia may be present, as glucose consumption by cells and insulin secretion both decrease, and tissue sensitivity to insulin may be blunted. Sympathetic activation also releases glucose from the liver. In many cases, however, especially in people with alcoholic intoxication, hypoglycemia appears to be a more common cause. Hypoglycemia is also found in many people with hypothermia, as hypothermia may be a result
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Causes

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Hypothermia usually occurs from exposure to low temperatures, and is frequently complicated by alcohol consumption. Any condition that decreases heat production, increases heat loss, or impairs thermoregulation, however, may contribute. Thus, hypothermia risk factors include: substance abuse (including alcohol abuse), homelessness, any condition that affects judgment (such as hypoglycemia), the extremes of age, poor clothing, chronic medical conditions (such as hypothyroidism and sepsis), and living in a cold environment. Hypothermia occurs frequently in major trauma, and is also observed in severe cases of anorexia nervosa. Hypothermia is also associated with worse outcomes in people with sepsis. While most people with sepsis develop fevers (elevated body temperature), some develop hypothermia. In urban areas, hypothermia frequently occurs with chronic cold exposure, such as in cases of homelessness, as well as with immersion accidents involving drugs, alcohol or mental illness. While
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Pathophysiology

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Temperature classification Core (rectal, esophageal, etc.) Hypothermia <35.0 °C (95.0 °F) Normal 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F) Fever >37.5 or 38.3 °C (99.5 or 100.9 °F) Hyperthermia >37.5 or 38.3 °C (99.5 or 100.9 °F) Hyperpyrexia >40.0 or 41.0 °C (104.0 or 105.8 °F) Note: The difference between fever and hyperthermia is the underlying mechanism. Different sources have different cut-offs for fever, hyperthermia and hyperpyrexia. v t e Heat is primarily generated in muscle tissue, including the heart, and in the liver, while it is lost through the skin (90%) and lungs (10%). Heat production may be increased two- to four-fold through muscle contractions (i.e. exercise and shivering). The rate of heat loss is determined, as with any object, by convection, conduction, and radiation. The rates of these can be affected by body mass index, body surface area to volume ratios, clothing and other environmental conditions. Many changes to physiology occur as body tempera
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Diagnosis

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Accurate determination of core temperature often requires a special low temperature thermometer, as most clinical thermometers do not measure accurately below 34.4 °C (93.9 °F). A low temperature thermometer can be placed in the rectum, esophagus or bladder. Esophageal measurements are the most accurate and are recommended once a person is intubated. Other methods of measurement such as in the mouth, under the arm, or using an infrared ear thermometer are often not accurate. As a hypothermic person's heart rate may be very slow, prolonged feeling for a pulse could be required before detecting. In 2005, the American Heart Association recommended at least 30–45 seconds to verify the absence of a pulse before initiating CPR. Others recommend a 60-second check. The classical ECG finding of hypothermia is the Osborn J wave. Also, ventricular fibrillation frequently occurs below 28 °C (82 °F) and asystole below 20 °C (68 °F). The Osborn J may look very similar to those of an acute ST e
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